Annette Koh

[Image attribution/links to further info: Top photo is...

Fri, 17 May 2013 09:30:08 -1000

[Image attribution/links to further info: Top photo is “Oil Palm Disaster in Sarawak” by Mattias Klum (via Rainforest Action Network), second photo is via Global Investment Watch, third photo is by photographer Michael Yamashita, fourth photo is via Greenpeace, fifth graphic is from the article “Surging Demand for Vegetable Oil Drives Rainforest Destruction”, and final text is from Heather Rogers’ book Green Gone Wrong.]

A friend recently teased me about how my desire to do no harm via the market economy/everyday consumption is really gunked up by my complete lack of pioneer self-sufficiency. In a barter economy, would I be able to trade my speed reading skills for homespun cloth? But it’s not asking too much to make sure that Girl Scout cookies don’t lead to deforestation.

As a start, Rainforest Action Network has a campaign to get snack food companies to stop using palm oil.

Sick of ruins

Thu, 16 May 2013 22:08:00 -1000

As a counterpoint to the earlier post on Budapest’s ruin bars…

From John Cunningham, “Boredom in the Charnel House: Theses on ‘Post-industrial’ Ruins”in Variant No. 42.

I find it easy to share this bored, angry scepticism towards the fetishism of crumbling concrete, cracked windows and hidden wastelands. In the image world of hopefully ‘late’ capitalism the industrial ruin has acquired a fair amount of cultural capital and such spectacular over-determination is a major reason for ennui with corroded concrete.

Psychogeography often functions as an index of dissatisfaction with contemporary urban space… Psychogeography has always thrived upon such juxtapositions between a projected image of the gleaming ‘new’ – heavily regulated spaces sponsored by capital – and the human remnants, memories and ruins of urban space.

[As always, photos hotlinked with image sources]

Budapest’s Ruin Bars. The characteristics of...

Thu, 16 May 2013 09:30:00 -1000

Budapest’s Ruin Bars. The characteristics of “guerrilla hospitality” according to Lugosi and Lugosi (2008), “Guerrilla hospitality - urban decay, entrepreneurship and the ‘ruin’ bars of Budapest.”

it is entrepreneurial and opportunistic;
it requires less formal investment of economic capital than corporately branded and operated venues;
it may be temporary in its manifestation in a particular space, but then may re-emerge elsewhere — the relationship these venues had with the broader forces of regeneration in the various districts of Budapest meant that their existence in any one location was limited by the demolition or redevelopment of those buildings;
it often occupies buildings that were not hospitality venues previously as the reuse of unusual premises adds to the novelty and appeal;
guerrilla hospitality draws on alternative forms of symbolic capital for its appeal and existence — the deployment of the ruin aesthetic in enables operators to leverage a particular form of (sub-)cultural capital which embodies a particular commentary on/relationship to processes of regeneration and post-industrial urbanism — in Budapest, this is inflected by the particular histories of post-socialist urbanism

From RuinPubs.com: Every place has a unique style and atmosphere. In Szimpla kert (Simple Garden) you can have a beer in a cannibalized old Trabant car. In Instant you can stroll around in the labyrinth of the tenement house. In Kertem (My Garden) you can feel the atmosphere of a socialist beer-garden of the 1980s.

From Drink Europe Drink: Most ruin pubs are located in the Seventh District, which is the old Jewish Quarter, on streets like Kiraly Utca and Dob Utca, alongside coffeehouses, wine bars, and remnants of Jewish life found in small family owned restaurants and bakeries.

Image attribution: Top photo, second and third photos, fourth photo

HAYES VALLEY FARM: Hayes Valley Farm Transition Announcement (March 17, 2013)

Thu, 16 May 2013 07:50:05 -1000

HAYES VALLEY FARM: Hayes Valley Farm Transition Announcement (March 17, 2013):

Today the farm bid farewell.

There’s a lot to say about the difference between explicitly interim uses like Hayes Valley Farm and venerable but vulnerable projects like the community gardens of NYC.

I just wanted to say that urban agriculture in cities like San Francisco, like New York, like Los Angeles, show what’s in question more clearly than urban ag in shrinking cities like Detroit. There is no “surplus” land in San Francisco.

So, at the core, these conversations are about how we determine the “best use” of land, do we measure property values or community value? Who gets to determine that their idea of the public interest is the right one, and who is the public that counts?

hayesvalleyfarm:

Dear Supporters of Hayes Valley Farm,

As you may know, Hayes Valley Farm is an interim-use urban farm project. As such, our agreement with the City and County of San Francisco has been to develop the ecology and grow food on the site only until those with prior claim to the land were able to…

From Los Angeles, a much more contested determination of the best use of land.

MOOCs aren't the fix to underfunded public universities

Wed, 15 May 2013 09:11:00 -1000

Aaron Bady, The MOOC Moment and the End of Reform, at The New Inquiry.

Go read it. I’m excerpting just the bit that completely blew my mind. Emphasis added. Image sources/articles are all hotlinked, because who are we really talking about when we say we can’t afford to fund public education.

[California Senate Bill 520]’s sponsor, Senate Pro-Tem President Darrell Steinberg, cites the very real problems of access to over-enrolled courses—and the fact that students are failing to graduate on time, because they cannot get required courses for their majors—and uses this as a rhetorical wedge to argue that MOOCs should actually be acceptable as replacements for normal college classes. As he put it:

“We want to be the first state in the nation to make this promise: No college student in California will be denied the right to move through their education because they couldn’t get a seat in the course they needed.”

But the irony of his formulation is that even he admits that instead of solving a problem which has a very simple definition—which is basically reducible to a number, the fact that there are more students than there are chairs and classrooms—they are simply redefining the problem, imagining into existence a chairless classroom. The problem is real: years of consistent budget cuts have left the public universities without the money to buy “chairs” (and everything that represents), so public universities have shifted the financial burden onto the backs of individual students, whose tuition now pays much more of the cost. Since educating fewer students would therefore cost money, in effect—and it would also cost money to fully staff the necessary courses—there is no solution to the problem that does not require spending more money on chairs, classrooms, and teachers to teach them. MOOCs enter the picture, then, as a kind of fantasy solution to this unsolvable problem: instead of addressing the problem by either admitting fewer students or adding more courses, we will define the problem differently: chairless classrooms! Everyone is happy.

…mandating that a MOOC is the same thing as college—that it can be literally credited as a college class—not only changes what a MOOC is, it changes what college is.

After all, if a MOOC is simply a free educational resource that you can find on the web—which is what MOOCs presently are—then there’s nothing to object to in them, and everything to like. Such a MOOC is an almost wholly good addition to the universe: other than opportunity costs and the costs of a computer—which are not nothing, but they are also not that much—it’s simply a free and useful thing, available to those that want it. But the moment that such a use value becomes legible as a market value, when it becomes something that can be exchanged for the kinds of course credits that students pay very high tuition for, MOOCs become a radically different beast, with a radically different kind of economic value. It’ll be much easier to charge for them, on the one hand, and almost unthinkable that associated costs won’t rise, as they did with the once free California public universities (especially since Udacity and Coursera are literally for-profit enterprises). And on the other hand, they will radically devalue the resource that they can now be used to replace: if you can replace “chairs” (by which I mean, the brick and mortar campus) with a chair-less university—if those things are literally exchangeable—then the market value of “chairs” goes down, at the same time as its actual costs stay the same. If we can’t fully staff our classrooms now, how will we staff them in the future, when they have to compete with free?

But once market equivalency has entered the equation, once the market recognizes an equivalence between a MOOC and an in-person class, pointing out the difference that is experienced by the student will be trumped by the equivalence of market logic, which will dictate paying the cheaper of the two. An in-person education will become a unnecessary luxury: like gold itself, it will no longer be the “gold standard,” the basis of educational value, but rather, simply, an ornamental marker of elite status.

If this bill passes, the winners will be Silicon Valley along with the austerity hawks in the California legislature: while the former will have privileged access to the largest student market in the state, the latter will be relieved of the burden of having to educate the state’s young people. And the losers will be teachers and students.

contesting tactical urbanism in new orleans

Wed, 15 May 2013 08:30:24 -1000

Read this.

Aaron Shapiro, The Tactics That Be: Contesting Tactical Urbanism in New Orleans, Berkeley Planning Journal.

When local historian and long-time New Orleans resident Christine Horn asked whether anybody really wanted “parkettes” along the St. Claude corridor, the discussion was never really about the small, designer installations in themselves. For Horn, the most outspoken critic of the parkette program, along with her neighbors and fellow long-term residents, the parkettes serve as a stand-in for the much broader, amorphous, and rather uncritically-received tactical urbanism movement.

Whereas previous initiatives to attract capital to New Orleans’ downtown neighborhoods may have proceeded under the banner of cultural sensitivity, tactical urbanism ups the ante by explicitly affording the promise of ongoing community input and engagement in order to keep new design – as St. Claude Main Street manager Michael Martin puts it – “indigenous” and “born out of on-the-ground conditions.” At least, it does so in theory. Community support and indigenous design, the logic goes, might mitigate some of the tensions inherent in neighborhoods undergoing rapid social transformation by gentrification.

Carrying out this promise in practice, however, is much messier. “The community” must be conjured, constructed, and represented, through various practices and technologies, which range from the focus group to civic media platforms for participatory urbanism. Horn’s critique is thus not about the parkettes themselves, but rather about the failure to accurately represent and meaningfully engage with the community during the planning process.

Along with Ann Deslandes’ piece in Global Urbanist on “What do pop-up shops and homelessness have in common?” and Mimi Zeiger’s “The Interventionist’s Toolkit” series, Aaron Shapiro’s critique is a much needed reminder to pop-up/diy/tactical urbanism aficionados that we operate in larger contexts and can often replicate or even exacerbate existing power inequities.

Friends and colleagues have heard an earful from me this year about the need to problematize pop-up urbanism and its potential to truly extend democracy and access. I get worked up when the focus remains only on the aesthetic or the economic impact because the urban intervention folks are my folks: city-loving, community-minded, art-geeky. We have to look deeper.

Get Out of Town: Has the celebration of cities gone too far?

Tue, 14 May 2013 16:40:58 -1000

Get Out of Town: Has the celebration of cities gone too far?:

In 2011, Nicholas Lemann wrote on how ‘‘the new urban optimism leaves a lot of questions unanswered.’’ He also teased the various urbanologists for playground squabbles. ‘‘Edward Glaeser considers Richard Florida’s celebration of cities sentimental and unrigorous compared with his own celebration of cities.’’

beautification of bombay

Tue, 14 May 2013 08:30:06 -1000

The former Sheriff of Bombay had a vision of tree-lined boulevards, fountains and playgrounds. There will be no slums. The streets will be clean with wide pavements unencumbered by hawkers. People will stroll through pedestrian plazas. The night will be brilliant with majestic buildings and fountains (Seabrook, 1996, p. 48).

This vision in fact captures the aesthetic of the civic culture of the middle classes in liberalising India—one that attempts to manifest the image of the new Indian middle class by cleansing the urban city of any sign of the poor or poverty.

This drive has aimed at ‘cleaning up’ public spaces and land such as beaches, promenades, maidans and other public areas. For example, in the affluent suburb of Bandra, one such project spearheaded by Cultural Affairs Minister Pramod Navalkar focused on developing a jogging strip with plants and seats on the seaside promenade.

Consider the following description of the beautification and clean-up drive of Chowpatty, one of Mumbai’s most well-known beaches

Yes, its possible—to now take a relaxing walk along the Mumbai coastline at Girgaum chowpatty. Finally, the sand looks and feels like sand. Years of neglect and unsuccessful cleanliness drives later, the city’s most famed beach is free of muck, debris, urchins, beggars, lepers and hutments, thanks to state culture Minister Pramod Navalkar. The entire 1km stretch of the beach has been bulldozed and cleaned, illegal slums removed, fishermen relocated and dustbins installed (Sharma, 1998).

In this discursive construction, which is an instance of a broader set of public discourses, urchins, beggars and the residents of hut- ments are viewed as interchangeable with the “muck and debris” which must be “cleaned up”.

Text by Leela Fernandes, ”The Politics of Forgetting: Class Politics, State Power and the Restructuring of Urban Space in India” Urban Studies 2004 41: 2415 (PDF available here)

[Click on the images for their original sources]

So I’m a bit too paranoid to use Foursquare but this...

Mon, 13 May 2013 08:30:14 -1000

So I’m a bit too paranoid to use Foursquare but this handy-dandy visualization (via Sunlight Foundation) reminds me that I have wanted to “check-in” at City Hall, the State Capitol, public transit (I’ve met a surprising number of the bus-phobic in Honolulu) and all the other civic/public infrastructure of the city.

And I honestly love it when I see Twitter friends have checked in at Ala Moana Beach. I can see you from my hideyhole in the monkeypod tree.

sunfoundation:

Your Year in Check-ins

camposantosf: “Bootlegs” is produced for the video installation...

Sun, 12 May 2013 20:39:22 -1000

camposantosf:

“Bootlegs” is produced for the video installation “we are not permanent but we are not temporary” a series of four videos exploring Sukkot’s core themes: impermanence of life, searching and wandering for a place to call home, and the welcoming of strangers.

Featuring Sean San José and dancers Jen.Ay Anolin, June Arellano, Assad Invent Conley, Loan Hoang, Susie Lundy and Patricia Ong.

Artist Statement

I believe we are all still looking for our place.. no matter how long we have been here, temporary and permanent.

What the JCC and Dan Wolf are allowing us all to do is — see a wider picture of this search for a sense of home.

The sentence “we are not permanent, we are not temporary” gave me visions, memories- of my own family, this city, our country, the countries and places we have left behind and carried with us.

The pictures we hoped to show is rooted in how rooted this country is in the immigrant experiences- the country is made up of immigrants- and yet: temporary/permanent. By showing three “sides”, three generations of immigrants, maybe that can help us see or feel the permanent temporary ocean in which many of us swim. A world made up of travelers, journeys, family, community and neighborhood.

This project not only allowed the Filipino and greater API experience into the Jewish traditions, it can allow us all to share and see these — and the other pieces- together.. like the communities and neighborhoods we seek to show. (Sean San José)

Credits
Written and performed by Sean San José
imagined for Rosario Verches

Directed by Dan Wolf
with Sean San José

Featuring and Choreographed by:

Jen.Ay Anolin
June Arellano
Assad Invent Conley
Loan Hoang
Susie Lundy
Patricia Ong

Shot by Jon Burton and Dalton Patterson
Edited by Jon Burton, Dan Wolf and Sean San José

Music courtesy of

Philippine Music, traditional Instruments - tboli tribe (Lemuhen)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjVD-c…

Utom Ye Dadang, Utom Fun El and Utom K’lelet from Mendung Sabal by Tudbulul Lunay Mogul (Label: TAO MUSIC © 2008)

Produced by Dan Wolf in association with 3200 Stories for the JCCSF

Wildcat. Kahlil Joseph’s film meditation on an all-black...

Sun, 12 May 2013 08:30:20 -1000

Wildcat. Kahlil Joseph’s film meditation on an all-black rodeo in Oklahoma.

Remembered these satellite images after peeking at some of the...

Sat, 11 May 2013 17:38:46 -1000

Remembered these satellite images after peeking at some of the Landsat time-lapses, for example, the creation of Dubai. The images above are just over 7 years.

Each frame of the timelapse map is constructed from a year of Landsat satellite data, constituting an annual 1.7-terapixel snapshot of the Earth at 30-meter resolution. The Landsat program, managed by the USGS, has been acquiring images of the Earth’s surface since 1972.

urbanination:

Pearl City, Kuwait in 2002 and 2009.

The Urbanoporosi project. In 2009, after noting the...

Sat, 11 May 2013 08:30:22 -1000

The Urbanoporosi project. In 2009, after noting the proliferation of abandoned, neglected, underused, closed or vacant lots in the city of Sabadell [Catalonia, Spain], the group embarked on a systematic inquiry. About 1000 photographs are in the archive, the majority of them geo-tagged.

The first criterion for Urbanoporosi was the perspective should be at ground level from the point of view of a pedestrian. Hence this archive only includes the city’s ground floor spaces, business premises, building sites, old steam mills, etc.

The second criterion was the spaces should be urban; the project was particularly focused on empty spaces in the consolidated core, with much less attention given to underused spaces resulting from the most recent growth on the urban fringe.

Most of the fieldwork has been conducted on foot, so that walks around the city are both an instrument by means of which to recognise and evaluate some of today’s urban phenomena and also part of (Sa)badall’s artistic-geographic project.

[Above text adapted from description at the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona’s Public Space site. All images from Sabadall’s site & the Urbanporosi project]

Infill

Fri, 10 May 2013 08:30:16 -1000

Urban planners, especially the smart growth types, love infill development. Rather than endless sprawl, new construction is instead directed into under-utilized lots in the urban core.

In 2010, an Affordable Housing Focus Group discussed whether infill and transit-oriented development could increase the affordable housing stock in Honolulu. More recently as part of the Oahu General Plan revision process, the term infill itself was added to the proposed revisions as one way to achieve “full development” in the primary urban center.

I generally associate the idea of infill with ohana housing, accessory dwelling units, and rental units built in the back of a long lot.

Some of the lots in my neighborhood have had the original single-family plantation bungalow torn down to make room for a Motel 6-style concrete two-or-three story walk-up. The concrete footprint often covers the entire lot; the demand for off-street parking trumps a desire for grass or garden. Despite my initial annoyance at the profoundly utilitarian architecture, I’ve come around on these.

They are the classic example of a housing submarket that provides affordable housing in the urban core. When a newly arrived urban planning classmate complained that this neighborhood needed redevelopment to improve aesthetics and increase density, I nearly jumped down his throat. Filtering up (through renovation or replacement) may get you a 30-story condo where there once was three of these concrete shoeboxes, but it would also mean condo-high rents (I’ve yet to recover from learning about condo maintenance fees).

So when the term infill can encompass everything from fancy pants extensions like this French project…

A young growing family was excited about the idea of enlarging the ground floor of their 5-plex situated in Rosemont-Petite-Patrie. As they wished to keep their upstairs tenants, the clients agreed to sacrifice a portion of their backyard for the extension.

… to historic preservation districts “seeking to retain the architectural character of a neighborhood while increasing vibrancy.”

Just as the general category of small living spaces can include everything from Single Room/Resident Occupancy to the latest micro-apartment, billing a development as an infill project doesn’t necessarily guarantee affordability. Is it still smart growth if it comes with a price tag that’s prohibitive to many?

Overpass Light Brigade has a message for Obama about the...

Fri, 10 May 2013 02:07:36 -1000

Overpass Light Brigade has a message for Obama about the Keystone XL Pipeline. First seen during the 2011 Wisconsin protests.

the public

Thu, 09 May 2013 09:06:09 -1000

As a follow up to the excerpts from Raymond Williams’ Keywords, Ananya Roy on how we define the public in “A ‘Public’ Muse On Planning Convictions and Feminist Contention”:

Much of this article is concerned with one of planning’s central concepts: the public. For planning, the “public” is what Williams (1983, 15) would call a “keyword”: a significant, binding, indicative word that evokes a particular formation of meaning…

In the case of planning, the “public” is a particularly powerful keyword precisely because it is commonplace, so integral to the vocabulary that the contours of its meaning are rarely visited, much less questioned. It is this matter-of-factness, this quality of being prosaic and obvious, that makes the investigation of the “public” an imperative.

As Fraser and Gordon (1997) emphasized,

Keywords are sites at which the meaning of social experience is negotiated and contested. Keywords typically carry unspoken assumptions and connotations that can powerfully influence the discourses they permeate — in part by constituting a body of doxa, or taken-for-granted commonsense belief that escapes critical scrutiny. (P. 26)

keywords

Thu, 09 May 2013 08:30:26 -1000

Keywords, Raymond Williams:

It is not a dictionary or glossary of a particular academic subject. It is not a series of footnotes to dictionary histories or definitions of a number of words. It is, rather, the record of an inquiry into a vocabulary: a shared body of words and meanings in our most general discussions, in English, of the practices and institutions which we group as culture and society. Every word which I have included has at some time, in the course of some argument, virtually forced itself on my attention because the problems of its meanings seemed to me inextricably bound up with the problems it was being used to discuss.

I called these words Keywords in two connected senses: they are significant, binding words in certain activities and their interpretation; they are significant, indicative words in certain forms of thought. Certain uses bound together certain ways of seeing culture and society, not least in these two most general words. Certain other uses seemed to me to open up issues and problems, in the same general area, of which we all needed to be very much more conscious.

Tumblrer solipsistic exhaustion also has a choice Williams quotation on not speaking the same language.

When we come to say ‘we just don’t speak the same language’ we mean something more general: that we have different immediate values or different kinds of valuation, or that we are aware, often intangibly, of different formations and distributions of energy and interest. In such a case, each group is speaking its native language, but its uses are significantly different, and especially when strong feelings or important ideas are in question. No single group is ‘wrong’ by any linguistic criterion, though a temporarily dominant group may try to enforce its own uses as ‘correct’. What is really happening through these critical encounters, which may be very conscious or may be felt only as a certain strangeness and unease, is a process quite central in the development of a language when, in certain words, tones and rhythms, meanings are offered, felt for, tested, confirmed, asserted, qualified, changed.

urban theme parks

Wed, 08 May 2013 08:30:21 -1000

Osborne & Rose (1999), “Governing cities: notes on the spatialisation of virtue“ Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17(6) 737 – 760

[T]he image of urban space as providing a multitude of spontaneous encounters, of sudden glimpses of architectural oddities and esoteric markets, of bustling yet safe public spaces, this urban experience seen by its celebrants as arising out of the intersection and accumulation of thousands of spontaneous histories and schemes, has been transformed into calculated, rationalised, and repetitive programmes for reshaping waterfronts, dockland areas, sites of old buildings, palaces, warehouses, piers, vegetable markets, and the like into tourist attractions. Urban theme parks, each more hyperreal than real.

Disused wharves become craft markets. Victorian structures that accommodated carcasses of sheep and cows on their way to butchers, sacks of potatoes and cauliflower on their way to cornershops are now filled with trendy boutiques and cafes.

Sectors of space once occupied, for specifiable economic and other reasons, by people of Chinese extraction become ‘Chinatown’, proclaimed by street signs with elaborate and publicly funded festivals to mark the start of the Chinese Year of a particular animal. Each ‘conservation area’, each ‘heritage trail’ is populated not by the spontaneous movements of the urban inhabitants, but by those transported by tour coaches, clutching guidebooks, video cameras, and postcards.

The city becomes not so much a complex of dangerous and compelling spaces of promises and gratifications, but a series of packaged zones of enjoyment, managed by an alliance of urban planners, entrepreneurs, local politicians, and quasi-governmental ‘regeneration’ agencies.

[Images linked to original sources, please click through for additional info/context]

In honor of this Sunday’s Ciclovia in Kakaako (Hele On...

Tue, 07 May 2013 09:52:42 -1000

In honor of this Sunday’s Ciclovia in Kakaako (Hele On Kakaako, May 12), a photo album of #ciclovia images from South America.

Signage from Tumblrer airtiagomiranda, historical photo from one of the early 1970s Ciclovias from Cycling Inquisition, image of Bogota dancers via American Trails, boy on bike from the City of Caracas Tumblr, quotation from Enrique Penalosa, the former mayor of Bogota from America Bikes, a rider’s view of his bike basket from Tumblrer miguelburnsred, a rider’s view from Tumblrer son-of-lapupu.

urbalize: Dream Your City, is a project from ecosistemurbano,...

Tue, 07 May 2013 08:30:07 -1000

urbalize:

Dream Your City, is a project from ecosistemurbano, displaying the approach of network designed implemented for a town square in Dreamhamar, Norway

I first learned of Dreamhamar via my preliminary research on pop-up/participatory urbanism when I came across Christina Rasmussen’s 2012 MA thesis on “Participative Design & Planning in Contemporary Urban Projects.” She does a fantastic job of tracing a historical lineage for today’s #tacticalurbanism & #lighterquickercheaper projects.

In her thesis, she describes the ecosistemurbano coordinators as setting high goals for the participative process: “Dreamhamar aims to reach out for a broad public and different target groups (e.g. youth, immigrants, children, locals from the city and dwellers from the region) in many different ways, as to include participants beyond those who usually would come to public meetings.” Interviews conducted with the Spanish architects and other key participants helps flesh out the process and the deeply held hope that ”participation as a planning phase” has the “potential of increasing the visibility of urban processes for the public.”

Rasmussen concludes by reiterating the connection of these new urban design practices to long-held planning principles of collaboration and communicative action.

“Finally it is remarkable that the presented theories and the extracted values do not present any revolutionary novelty. Indeed they still position themselves against modernistic planning practices and adopt values that were formulated already in the 1960‐1970’s by other planning theorists; they could be thus perceived as ‘old wine in new bottles’ …it could be argued that they propose an evolution of planning values, according to time and the latest technological evolution. They use social technologies and software to develop, for instance, the value of democratic planning.”